This folded A4 pamphlet from Brain Injury Association of New Zealand (BIANZ) describes the Association and features sections on: their Liaison Service, their Education Advisory Service, Supporting your local Association, Becoming a member, Contact information. For more information see: http://www.brain-injury.org.nz/

A classic text on theories of child development and learning, including the development of social behaviour, gender roles, language and thinking, with a strong emphasis on New Zealand historical and social context. The issue of giving children a voice and involving them in decisions that affect their lives is also discussed.

Qualitatively orientated sociological research into parental perspectives on childhood safety contributes to an understanding of the reasons for social patterning of childhood accidents. Such information should be of help to professionals in their preventiona nd safety promotion work.

Owning a dog is one of the most rewarding human experiences, especially for children. Recent events and the subsequent publicity has highlighted the following two very important issues: - successful dog ownership demands that owners are aware of and accept the considerable responsibilities involved - many children and adults are unsure of how to react and behave around our canine friends. This classroom unit of work is designed to help our students explore both of these issues – understanding what dog ownership entails and how to keep safe around dogs.

Background papers for Public Health Workshop. Defines the purpose of epidemiology "to identify causes of ill-health, and to apply this knowledge to prevention." Contains various statistics, background articles etc. from NZ, U.K., U.S.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine gender differences in children's hazard-directed behaviors when the parent was absent and determine whether parent reactions when present differentially influences boys' and girls' subsequent behaviors. METHOD: Children and parents were video recorded in their home when a contrived burn hazard ('Gadget') was within view and reach of the child and the parent was sometimes present and absent. Videos were coded for teaching- and discipline-focused reactions by parents when children approached the Gadget in the parent's presence and children's hazard-directed behaviors when the parent was absent. Data were gathered monthly for a period of up to 6 months. RESULTS: Multilevel regression analyses examining temporal relationships between parents' reactions (teaching, discipline) and children's hazard-directed behaviors when the parent was absent revealed significant gender differences. For boys, reductions in hazard-directed behaviors over time were predicted from high teaching or low discipline reactions, with low teaching and high discipline reactions maintaining injury-risk behaviors over time. For girls, reductions in hazard-directed behaviors over time were predicted from low teaching or high discipline reactions, with high teaching and low discipline reactions maintaining injury-risk behaviors over time. CONCLUSION: To moderate young boys' injury-risk behaviors, caregivers should avoid frequent discipline-focused reactions in favor of frequent teaching when the child engages in injury-risk behaviors. For girls, however, frequent discipline-focused reactions reduced injury-risk behaviors over time more effectively than frequent teaching-focused reactions that sustained girls' interest in the hazard. Implications for injury prevention are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

The aim of the current study was to understand Australian parents' beliefs relating to child restraint system (CRS) use and child vehicle occupant safety. Three hundred and eighty parents completed an online survey related to CRS knowledge and their beliefs about which factors influence child vehicle occupant safety. RESULTS revealed a wide variety in parents' beliefs relating to CRS use and child vehicle occupant safety. Parents tended to attribute the responsibility of child/ren's vehicle occupant safety to internal factors such as their own driving abilities (64%) and their own safety compliance (64%), rather than external factors (e.g., fate [7%]). The results of the current safety study suggests that there are still significant gaps in Australian parents' understanding about CRS use and child occupant safety which is important for the development and success of future child occupant safety initiatives.

The aim of the current study was to understand Australian parents' beliefs relating to child restraint system (CRS) use and child vehicle occupant safety. Three hundred and eighty parents completed an online survey related to CRS knowledge and their beliefs about which factors influence child vehicle occupant safety. RESULTS revealed a wide variety in parents' beliefs relating to CRS use and child vehicle occupant safety. Parents tended to attribute the responsibility of child/ren's vehicle occupant safety to internal factors such as their own driving abilities (64%) and their own safety compliance (64%), rather than external factors (e.g., fate [7%]). The results of the current safety study suggests that there are still significant gaps in Australian parents' understanding about CRS use and child occupant safety which is important for the development and success of future child occupant safety initiatives.

The objective of this study was to develop an understanding of factors acting as barriers and motivators to parental (of children under 5 yrs. of age) uptake of child poison safety strategies. Conclusion: Environmental measures targeting child resistant containers, warning labels, and lockable poisons cupboards will support parents' efforts to maintain poison safety. Personal or vicarious exposure of a parent to a child poisoning incident was a significant motivator for increased uptake of safety practices. Contains statistical tables.

Article provides brief history of poison control in the USA; brief overview of poison control today (USA), and recommendations for the future.

INTRODUCTION: Although there are hundreds of ATV-related deaths each year in the United States, contributing factors have not been clearly identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between factors contributing to ATV fatalities using the agent-host-environment epidemiological triangle. METHOD: Incident reports of ATV fatalities occurring between 2011 and 2013 were obtained from the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Narrative reports included details of the decedent and a description of the ATV crash. A chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID) analysis was performed for three major risk factors representing each facet of the epidemiologic triangle: helmet use (host), type of crash (agent), and location where death occurred (environment). The output of the CHAID analysis is a classification tree that models the relationship between the predictor variables and a single outcome variable. RESULTS: A total of 1193 ATV fatalities were reported to the CPSC during the 3-year study period. In cases with known helmet and/or drug and alcohol use status, descriptive statistics indicated helmets were not worn in 88% of fatalities and use of alcohol or drugs was present in 84% of fatalities. Reoccurring factors within the CHAID analysis included age, helmet use, geographic region of the country, and location (e.g., farm, street, home, etc.) at the time of death. Within the three CHAID models, there were seven significant partitions related to host, one related to agent, and eight related to the environment. CONCLUSIONS: This research provides a model for understanding the relationship between risk factors and fatalities. The combination of the CHAID analysis method and the epidemiologic triangle allows for visualization of the interaction between host-agent-environment factors and fatalities. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: By modeling and characterizing risk factors associated with ATV fatalities, future work can focus on developing solutions targeted to specific factions of ATV users.

Multimethod strategies (i.e., questionnaires, parents’ observations, injury-event recording diaries, telephone and home interviews) were used to study in-home injuries experienced by toddlers over a 3-month period. Cuts, scrapes, and puncture wounds were the most common injuries. The majority of injuries affected children’s limbs, and injuries most often occurred in the morning. Boys were injured most often in rooms designated for play, and a majority of their injuries followed from misbehavior. Girls were most often injured in nonplay areas of the home, with the majority of injuries occurring during play activities. Boys experienced more frequent and severe injuries than girls, although girls reacted more than boys to their injuries. Child factors relevant to injury included: risk taking, sensation seeking, and ease of behavior management. Temperament factors did not relate to child injury. Parent factors relevant to child injury included parents’ beliefs about control over their child’s health, protectiveness, and beliefs about child supervision. Regression analyses revealed that both child (i.e., risk taking) and parent (i.e., protectiveness) factors were significant determinants of child injury.

Multimethod strategies (i.e., questionnaires, injury-event recording diaries, and telephone and home interviews) were used to study in-home injuries experienced by toddlers over a 3-month period and to identify anticipatory prevention strategies implemented by parents, on a room-by-room basis, that effectively reduced child injury risk. Three types of prevention strategies were used by parents: environmental (e.g., hazard removal, safety devices to prevent access), parental (e.g., increased supervision, parent modification of their own behavior to decrease injury risk for their child), and child based (e.g., teaching rules or prohibitions to promote safety), with parents often using a combination of these. Use of these strategies, and their efficacy to reduce injury risk, varied on a room-by-room basis. Nonetheless, two general conclusions are supported: (1) An emphasis on child-based strategies never decreases, and often elevates, risk of injury to toddlers; and (2) parental and environmental strategies, either singularly or in combination, serve protective functions that significantly reduce children’s risk of in-home injury. Although it is commonplace for parents of children between 2 and 3 years of age to transition from environmental and supervision strategies to the use of teaching and rule-based ones to manage injury risk, doing so too early clearly elevates children’s risk of injury in the home.

A curriculum resource from the LTSA around road safety and traffic awareness.

This study examines the supervision that young children routinely receive when awake and at home with a parent. Results show that children were supervised more often than unsupervised but were completely out of view of supervisors about 20% of their awake time. Implications of these findings for identifying patterns of supervision that elevate children's risk of injury are discussed. Includes statistical tables.

Every year, over 3.5 million people worldwide die as a result of injuries. But how relevant is this statistic - and others like it - to the complex reality of injury? A new approach may help us to understand the situation in more human terms and pave the way to more effective prevention. Taking injury control as his point of departure, Peter Rothe introduces the theory and practice of qualitative research. The book outlines rationale and major orientations, including symbolic interactionism, ethnomethodology, feminist and cybernetic research. It then explores fieldwork: how best to collect, analyze and present data in an ethical manner. Throughout, Rothe highlights the pros and cons of each method, using examples drawn from everyday life and extensive field experience. Undertaking Qualitative Research is a thorough, one-volume resource for students and professionals in the social sciences, injury prevention, health, medicine and nursing. Includes suggested readings, a helpful glossary and appendices. This book is an important contribution to the field of accident and injury research. It is a book for newcomers to qualitative research and as such would be an excellent key text for teaching. The book outlines a range of qualitative research methods and builds this into an appreciation of the theoretical underpinnings that favour one method more than another. Beyond pure methods and theory, the book conveys the realities of planning, undertaking, and finishing a research project.

These two cases taken from the autopsy files of the Adelaide Children's Hospital over a 20-year period demonstrate particular risk factors associated with young children eating in daycare centres.

This Report Card offers an assessment of child well-being in the context of sustainable development across 41 countries of the European Union (EU) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). This document presents to section on New Zealand's scores.

Safekids has welcomed the launch of the UNICEF New Zealand report: “Making New Zealand Fit for Children; Promoting a National Plan of Action for New Zealand (Healthy Lives Section)” (see rec # 7050) , which recommends actions for reducing our high unintentional injury statistics. Safekids’ director Ann Weaver said the report not only highlights the issue of unintentional injury, but also makes clear recommendations about the steps the government can take to reduce this major child health issue.

This paper presents a summary table and discussion of legislation related to child injury prevention in member countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The table is an expanded version of the one which appeared in the UNICEF Report Card “Child Deaths by Injury in Rich Countries” (2001) (see rec # 4757). A commentary is provided on the variations in legislation between countries in terms of range and form of measures and an estimate of degree of enforcement. As legislation is generally considered a powerful tool in injury prevention, the paper examines whether those countries with the widest range of legislation and the strongest enforcement have made the most progress in reducing child injury deaths since the 1970s. It also considers whether a commitment to extensive legislation is reflected in a country’s position in the UNICEF league table of injury death. The initial conclusion to these two basic issues is that no clear picture can be seen and we thus need to know far more about the relationship between legislation and societies and cultures as they vary from place to place. This paper hopes to stimulate more widespread debate about the role of legislation in different countries.

This editorial piece discusses the UNICEF report (see rec # 4757). It talks about the numbers and their comparison. From the data they present a new table which depicts the "Rate of improvement in child injury deaths, 1971-75 to 1991-95, by country. " In other words, it ranks countries by the extent of improvement they have made since the 1970s. This new table comprises three groups: those in the top 9, all of whom experienced 60% or greater changes for the better over the last 25 years (Germany, the Netherlands, Finland, Canada and others). This is followed by a middle group with changes ranging from 50% to 60% (Australia, UK, Switzerland and others). Finally, bringing up the rear, with less than 50% improvement are Greece, USA, Portugal, New Zealand and others (New Zealand ranks 19 out of 25 in this new table).

UNICEF has committed its resources to achieving results for children in the following five priority areas: -We will work to ensure that every girl and every boy completes a quality primary school education …. -We will work to promote integrated early childhood development, ensuring every child the best possible start in life …. -We will work to safeguard every child against disease and disability, emphasizing immunization ‘plus’…. -We will work to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS and ensure that children and young people already affected by the disease are cared for …. -And we will work to protect every child so that all children can grow up free from violence, exploitation, abuse and discrimination …. We will maintain our focus on these five priorities in all circumstances including conflicts, emergencies and natural disasters. And, throughout the organization, we will link our daily activities and our planning to achieving specific goals for children in these five areas.

This is the fifteenth in a series of regular E-bulletins that provide an overview of the injury profile for Victoria. This edition provides an overview of unintentional hospital-treated injury in 2015/16 utilising two injury surveillance datasets that separately record hospital admissions and Emergency Department (ED) presentations for injury.

This study investigates the risk and mediating mechanisms of unintentional and violent injuries in pre-school children of teenage mothers. This was a cohort study based on Swedish national registers. Cox analyses of proportional hazard were used to estimate the relative risk of hospital admission and death attributable to injuries in analyses of data from national registers. The study population was a national cohort of 800, 192 children born in Sweden during 1987–93 who were followed up prospectively from birth to their 7th birthday. Results showed that children of teenage mothers had higher relative risks (RRs) of hospital admissions for violent as well as unintentional injuries; age adjusted RRs of 2.7 (95% CI 1.2 to 6.1) and 1.6 (1.4 to 1.8), respectively, for children of mothers under 18 years of age and 2.5 (1.6 to 3.8) and 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6) of mothers aged 18–19 are compared with those with mothers aged at least 32 at the birth of the child. When the models were adjusted to socioeconomic variables and indicators of parental substance misuse and psychiatric illness the risk decreased slightly but remained well above that of children with older mothers. In addition, children of teenage mothers had an increased risk of death attributable to violent injuries (RR 6.7 (2.6 to 16.0), as well as to unintentional injuries (RR 3.5 (2.0 to 6.1). In conclusion, maternal age is an important determinant of injuries in pre-school children in Sweden and the children of teenage mothers are at particular risk. Young parents should be given priority in injury prevention programmes.

BACKGROUND: A comprehensive child death review (CDR) program was introduced in England and Wales in 2008, but as yet data have only been analyzed at a local level, limiting the learning from deaths. The aim of this study is to describe the profile of causes and risk factors for sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) as determined by the new CDR program. METHODS: This was a descriptive outcome study using data from child death overview panel Form C for SUDI cases dying during 2010-2012 in the West Midlands region of England. The main outcome measures were: cause of death, risk factors and potential preventability of death, and determination of deaths probably due to unintentional asphyxia. RESULTS: Data were obtained for 65/70 (93 %) SUDI cases. 20/65 (31 %) deaths were initially categorized as due to medical causes; 21/65 (32 %) as SIDS; and 24/65 (37 %) as undetermined. Reanalysis suggested that 2/21 SIDS and 7/24 undetermined deaths were probably due to unintentional asphyxia, with 6 of these involving co-sleeping and excessive parental alcohol consumption. Deaths classified as "undetermined" had significantly higher total family and environmental risk factor scores (mean 2.6, 95 % CI 2.0-3.3) compared to those classified as SIDS (mean 1.6, 95 % CI 1.2-1.9), or medical causes for death (mean 1.1, 95 % CI 0.8-1.3). 9/20 (47 %) of medical deaths, 19/21 (90 %) SIDS, and 23/24 (96 %) undetermined deaths were considered to be potentially preventable. There were inadequacies in medical provision identified in 5/20 (25 %) of medically explained deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The CDR program results in detailed information about risk factors for SUDI cases but failed to recognize deaths probably due to unintentional asphyxia. The misclassification of probable unintentional asphyxial deaths and SIDS as "undetermined deaths" is likely to limit learning from these deaths and inhibit prevention strategies. Many SUDI occurred in families with mental illness, substance misuse and chaotic lifestyles and most in unsafe sleep environments. This knowledge could be used to better target safe sleep advice for vulnerable families and prevent SUDI in the future.

This issue of Hazard describes the frequency, pattern, causes and mechanisms of unintentional burns and scalds in the two most vulnerable age groups for these injuries- children aged 0-4 years and seniors aged 70 years and older- with recommendations for prevention.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In France, cannabis consumption is illegal. The health impact of its increasing use and higher tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations is still poorly documented, particularly that of unintentional pediatric intoxications. We sought to evaluate the French national trend of admissions for unintentional cannabis intoxication in children over an 11-year period (2004–2014). METHODS: A retrospective, national, multicenter, observational study of a pediatric cohort. All children aged <6 years admitted to a tertiary-level pediatric emergency department (PED) for proven cannabis intoxication (compatible symptoms and positive toxicological screening results) during the reference period were included. RESULTS: Twenty-four PEDs participated in our study; 235 children were included, and 71% of the patients were 18 months old or younger. Annual admissions increased by a factor of 13. Hashish resin was the main form ingested (72%). During the study period, the evolution was characterized by a national increase in intoxications, younger intoxicated children (1.28 ± 0.4 vs 1.7 ± 0.7 years, P = .005), and more comas (n = 38) (P = .05, odds ratio 3.5 [1.02–11.8]). Compared with other intoxications, other PED admissions, and the same age population, cannabis-related admissions were greater. There was a potential link between the increased incidence of comas and increased THC concentration in resin seized in France over the period. CONCLUSIONS: Children are collateral victims of changing trends in cannabis use and a prevailing THC concentration. Intoxicated children are more frequent, are younger, and have intoxications that are more severe. This raises a real issue of public health.

Furnaces, motor vehicle exhaust and fires were the 3 most frequent sources of carbon monoxide poisoning in Colorado between 1986-91. The Colarado Dept of Health has used as its primary carbon monoxide poisoning prevention strategy the education of the public through printed and electronic media issuing standard national recommendations and information about carbon monoxide detectors.

Limited research considers change over time for drowning mortality among individuals under 20 years of age, or the sub-cause (method) of those drownings. We assessed changes in under-20 drowning mortality from 2000 to 2013 among 21 countries. Age-standardized drowning mortality data were obtained through the World Health Organization (WHO) Mortality Database. Twenty of the 21 included countries experienced a reduction in under-20 drowning mortality rate between 2000 and 2013, with decreases ranging from -80 to -13%. Detailed analysis by drowning method presented large variations in the cause of drowning across countries. Data were missing due to unspecified methods in some countries but, when known, drowning in natural bodies of water was the primary cause of child and adolescent drowning in Poland (56-92%), Cuba (53-81%), Venezuela (43-56%), and Japan (39-60%), while drowning in swimming pools and bathtubs was common in the United States (26-37%) and Japan (28-39%), respectively. We recommend efforts to raise the quality of drowning death reporting systems and discuss prevention strategies that may reduce child and adolescent drowning risk, both in individual countries and globally.

This study investigates the incidence and patterns of child home injuries in six European Union countries. Emergency department and inpatient injury data on injuries to children aged 0-18 years in the home (n = 88,567) for the years 2003-2004 were extracted from the European Injury Database in Austria, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Portugal and Sweden. The incidence of child home injuries was 44.9/1000 inhabitants Six age-dependent injury patterns were identified using cluster analysis: 1) open wound head injuries; 2) hospital admissions for bruises, contusions, abrasions; 3) falls on stairs indoors; 4) fractures and sprains of the upper extremities; 5) crush/cut/piercing of the fingers; 6) miscellaneous injuries. Child home injuries are a considerable public health problem, particularly in the ages 0 to 4 years. The findings are useful for injury surveillance at the European level yet do not allow for designing testable countermeasures for prevention within home safety initiatives.

Unintentional child poisoning represents a significant public health priority in the United States and globally. This paper was written to accomplish three goals: (a) outline and discuss a conceptual model of factors that lead to unintentional poisoning incidents among children under 5 years of age, including the roles of individual people, the environment, packaging and labeling of toxic products, and community and society; (b) review published literature concerning interventions designed specifically to reduce unintentional child poisoning; and (c) draw conclusions about what is known and what gaps exist in the current literature on unintentional child poisoning prevention to inform development, evaluation, and implementation of empirically-supported, theoretically-based prevention programs. The need for multi-faceted, multi-disciplinary, team-based approaches to prevention is emphasized.

Contains a competition information pack brochure, a letter to the principal, competition details, hints and tips, unintentional childhood injury statistics and facts. It is what would have been sent to entrants.

This report to the northern DHBs focuses on all types of unintentional injury to children age 0-14 years. It also examines internationally recognised good investments for reducing child injury in terms of the New Zealand context. The authors recommend parenting programmes as their single most important recommendation. They also recommend DHBs support good practice interventions, research and collaboration.

This is a general unintentional childhood injury factsheet from Safekids. Information and statistics are presented under the following headings; 1) Injury related child deaths, 2) The injury picture for hospitalisations, and 3) Leading causes of hospitalisation due to unintentional child injury, New Zealand (table).

This is a general unintentional childhood injury factsheet from Safekids. Information and statistics are presented under the following headings; 1) Key facts, 2) The injury picture for deaths, 3) The injury picture for hospitalisations, and 4) Leading causes of child hospitalisation for unintentional injuries (table).

This issue of 'Focus on Injury' from the Child Accident Prevention Trust looks at unintentional childhood injury statistics for the UK in 1998. It highlights recent trends and investigates the leading causes of death and injury in the UK. Risk factors in accident involvement are also discussed (sex, age, social class, ethnicity).

This report presents a summary of child deaths due to unintentional injury occurring in the Auckland Coronial district over an eleven year period. The aims of the study were: to present an unintentional injury mortality profile for the Auckland region, which can assist with setting the priorities and development of age appropriate injury prevention strategies for the Auckland region and to improve the quality of child injury mortality data collection for the region.

In this Editorial Pless calls for government agencies such as state, provincial or federal health department to take up responsibility for injury prevention.

This Safekids factsheet describes the incidence of unintentional poisonings among 0-14 year olds in New Zealand that resulted in death or hospitalisation (2000-2004). Includes sections on: 'key facts', case studies, 'Profile of a year of enquiries' (National Poisons Centre). Includes references. Include statistics from: Injury Prevention Research Centre (IPRC), National Poisons Centre and Christchurch Hospital Emergency Department.

This report looks at the whole poisoning picture in the Auckland region and makes recommendations for prevention.

As part of the childhood poisoning study, several interviews and group discussions were held with a range of "stakeholders" and medical professionals who are involved with childhood poisonings. This report analyses the attitudes, perceptions and concerns of each of the groups interviewed.

Presentation of results of study undertaken by Safekids. Consists of summary of key findings of literature review, retrospective and prospective study and outcomes of focus groups held with parents.

This issue of Hazard covers unintentional cutting and piercing injuries that occur in the home, the location of a large proportion of hospital-treated cutting and piercing cases. In the next issue we will include a brief report on intentional, assaultive cutting and piercing injury in all settings. Analysis of recent VEMD data reveals that 53% of unintentional cutting and piercing injuries presenting to Emergency Departments (EDs) occur in the home, as do 28% of total admitted injury cases for cutting and piercing injury. Annually, at least 10,580 hospital-treated unintentional cutting and piercing injuries occur in the home (1,250 hospital admissions and 9,330 ED presentations). The common mechanisms of these home injuries involve glass, powered hand tools, non-powered hand tools and nails. Injuries occur most frequently in males aged 25-29 and young children aged 0-4 years. The most common injury is open wounds to the hand and fingers.

This table from Nick Baker, the Chair of the national New Zealand Child and Youth Mortality Review Committee (CYMRC) was sent with an email (copy attached) which discusses a proposal made by a policy person at the Ministry of Social Development to consider expanding the age band of child injury to include youth. The table shows the unintentional death rate, by age and gender for 2003-2007 and showing ages 0-24 years.

Background To examine unintentional drowning mortality by age and body of water across 60 countries, to provide a starting point for further in-depth investigations within individual countries. Methods The latest available three years of mortality data for each country were extracted from WHO Health Statistics and Information Services (updated at 13 November 2013). We calculated mortality rate of unintentional drowning by age group for each country. For countries using International Classification of Disease 10 (ICD-10) detailed 3 or 4 Character List, we further examined the body of water involved. Results A huge variation in age-standardised mortality rate (deaths per 100 000 population) was noted, from 0.12 in Turkey to 9.19 in Guyana. Of the ten countries with the highest age-standardised mortality rate, six (Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia, Ukraine and Moldova) were in Eastern Europe and two (Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) were in Central Asia. Some countries (Japan, Finland and Greece) had a relatively low rank in mortality rate among children aged 0–4 years, but had a high rank in mortality rate among older adults. On the contrary, South Africa and Colombia had a relatively high rank among children aged 0–4 years, but had a relatively low rank in mortality rate among older adults. With regard to body of water involved, the proportion involving a bathtub was extremely high in Japan (65%) followed by Canada (11%) and the USA (11%). Of the 13 634 drowning deaths involving bathtubs in Japan between 2009 and 2011, 12 038 (88%) were older adults aged 65 years or above. The percentage involving a swimming pool was high in the USA (18%), Australia (13%), and New Zealand (7%). The proportion involving natural water was high in Finland (93%), Panama (87%), and Lithuania (85%). Conclusions After considering the completeness of reporting and quality of classifying drowning deaths across countries, we conclude that drowning is a high-priority public health problem in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Japan (older adults involving bathtubs), and the USA (involving swimming pools).

This issue of Hazard provides a profile of unintentional farm injury in Victoria, using data from three sources. Recommendations are made for the prevention of common unintentional farm injuries and a list of useful resources, with a view to preventing unintentional farm injury, is provided.

This is an updated factsheet from the National Safe Kids Campaign which focuses on unintentional injury associated with the use of firearms. Information is provided under the following headings: 1) Firearm deaths and injuries, 2) When and where firearm deaths and injuries occur, 3) Who is at risk, 4) Firearm prevention effectiveness, 5) Firearm laws and regulations, 6) health care costs and savings, and 7) Prevention tips.

This report includes a brief summary of the international literature relating to fire injury among children in developed countries and gives an overview of unintentional fire-related injury resulting in death or hospitalisation among children aged 0-14 years in the Auckland region from 1989-1998. Findings include that fact that the home environment (including yard, outbuildings and driveway) was the most common place of fire-related death (95%) and injury (93%). House fires were responsible for 79% of fire deaths and 8% of hospitalisations. Fires in parked cars: 21% (deaths) and 3% (hospitalisations).