Although there are many injury control initiatives in Canada, there is was no overall national strategy for dealing with injuries and little coordination of activities at a national level. As a result of a two-day symposium and the consensus building process leading up to and following that event, this set of recommendations was prepared to strengthen injury prevention and control at the national, provincial/territorial and local levels. Includes recommendations and reports of working parties.

This Schema is intended to be used as guide in the appraisal of evidence on public health interventions. It is designed to be applied to evidence in the form of a collection of research papers or evaluation reports that examine and describe the effects (benefits and harms) of an intervention. The Schema covers two stages of evidence appraisal. The first is the appraisal of individual papers or reports to determine whether they provide credible and useful information about an intervention(s). The second is the formulation of conclusions about the value of the available evidence, enabling the preparation of a summary statement on what is known, and what is not known, about a type of public health intervention(s).

Objective: to develop a data collection system that provides a more comprehensive picture of the components of the preinjury and injury phases of injury events than is usually available in medical records. Resoults: A scheme for injury surveillance was designed that included location of the event, general and specific activities at time of injury, work relationship, nature of the event, animal or person contact, products or materials being used and those causing innury and energy type and mechanism. Conclusion: an acceptable scheme has been developed that can be used for generall surveillance, or modified to focus in greater detail on specific environments, products, or event types.

A brief article which introduces and describes the concept of the 'walking school bus' and the development and implementation of Zippy's walking School Bus at Auckland's Gladstone Primary School.

BACKGROUND: Unintentional drowning is the leading cause of death for children younger than 5 years old. A bucket is one of the most common water container in which children can drown. The objective of this work was to evaluate the base diameter of a bucket and the necessary force to shed it. METHODS: This was an experimental study. We used six galvanized buckets of different diameters. Each selected bucket was pulled using a pulley with other buckets full of water until the water spilled out. The statistical analysis was done by linear regression with p less than 0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS: This research shows a direct relation between the wide base diameter (in a bucket 23 cm high, 25 cm rim, with a 20 cm water depth) and the strength required to spill the liquid contents (ß= 1.21; x= diameter of the base in centimeters; a= 14.59; r= 0.99 and p less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the bucket structure could determine the risk of child drowning. The risk could increase directly as its base width increases.

This is a handout for a self-guided tour of the Kidsafe House in Queensland, Australia. It provides ordered notes about different aspects of the safety displays and safety design features of the house.

A scale was been developed in consultation with parents of injured children and adolescents to measure limitations in the child's functioning after an injury. The functions used in the scale were walking, running, getting up/lying down, moving in bed, going to the toilet, bathing/personal hygiene and dressing.

A list of safety products which can help prevent accidental innury to children

Community road safety received a major boost as part of the Government's road safety package announced in June, 2000. Community funding allocated annually to road-safety co-ordinators and community groups has more than doubled.

A well illustrated guide to safety of the machine, and road rules

Child passenger safety remains an important public health problem because motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for children, and the majority of children ride improperly restrained. Using a mobile app to communicate with parents about injury prevention offers promise but little information is available on how to create such a tool. The purpose of this article is to illustrate a theory-based approach to developing a tailored, smartphone app for communicating child passenger safety information to parents. The theoretical basis for the tailoring is the elaboration likelihood model, and we utilized the precaution adoption process model (PAPM) to reflect the stage-based nature of behavior change. We created assessment items (written at =6th grade reading level) to determine the child's proper type of car seat, the parent's PAPM stage and beliefs on selected constructs designed to facilitate stage movement according to the theory. A message library and template were created to provide a uniform structure for the tailored feedback. We demonstrate how messages derived in this way can be delivered through new m-health technology and conclude with recommendations for the utility of the methods used here for other m-health, patient education interventions.

This factsheet provides a 'snapshot' of traffic crash injuries in New Zealand over the years 2000-2003. Traffic crashes are transport crashes that occur on public roads. Data covers fatalities and hospitalisations. Fatality data are from 2000-2001 inclusive (2 years), while hospitalisation data are from 2000-2003 inclusive (4 years). Includes age group 0-14 year olds.

Safety-belt usage has increased significantly in the US since the introduction of mandatory safety-belt usage laws in the 1980s. This paper analyzes the impact of these laws on increasing safety-belt usage while controlling for other state-specific variables. A fixed effects cross-sectional time-series analyses shows the relative significance of various state-level attributes in explaining safety-belt usage, including whether or not primary or secondary safety-belt laws have been passed. To further explore these relationships the authors employ spatial analyses techniques and find spatial autocorrelation in the data. Spatial correlation also exhibits a clear east-west direction. When the analyses is further corrected for temporal autocorrelation they find that the spatial autocorrelation is greatly diminished and that many variables lose their statistical significance, though safety-belt laws are still statistically significant. Results suggest that for this data, it is critical to control for temporal autocorrelation while spatial autocorrelation is less important. They also find that their spatial analyses does provide interesting information on similarities between various regions on the effectiveness of safety-belt laws.

The 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety was held in Adelaide in August 1995. Each of the 5 New Zealand delegates writes a brief summary of the highlights of the conference

This article highlights the need for safe practices and responsible attitudes in school sports. It includes a discussion of the law in the UK and some case law.

A study of the adherence to selected recommended safety standards in North Carolina child care centres.

Consumer NZ reviewed ten baby walkers available for sale in New Zealand. Baby walkers sold here must meet a Product Safety Standard set by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs. Of the 10 baby walkers tested, only 1 met all the standard’s requirements. The article concludes: "We strongly advise against putting your child in a baby walker, whether it meets a safety standard or not. A baby walker is not a safe place to leave a child. Because babies in walkers are much more mobile, and can move faster than a parent often expects, they can get into dangerous situations. Most injuries associated with baby walkers are caused by falls down steps, scalds, burns and poisonings from household chemicals. Some parents believe a baby walker will help a child learn to walk. Safekids, the national child-injury prevention service, says babies don't need baby walkers: “Time on their tummies rolling, crawling and stretching on the floor is what babies need for development." " The article has been followed by a front page article in the New Zealand Herald ("Walker fail safety test: Children at risk and parents don't realise it says watchdog" NZH, 10 May 2012, page A1, Safekids Director Ann Weaver is quoted - printed out copy attached). There have also been notices of product recalls of some of the walkers (copy attached). See: http://www.consumer.org.nz/reports/baby-walkers

This paper describes the method used by the PHC in recommending priorities for improving and protecting the state of the public health. Having completed a consultation process on public health issues, the PHC recommends three levels of detail: goals, objectives and targets. These identify, in increasing detail, how the health of New Zealanders may be improved.

Concern is expressed about the impact of dense metal bull bars during impact with pedestrians, particulalry children where head and chest injuries are likely. A number of plastic bull bars have been developed which seem to be potentially less damaging. The TRL report reviews the literature on the effects of bull bars.

Crashes between pedestrians and large trucks, which were fatal to the pedestrians and occurred during 1986-90 in four cities, were studied using Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data. Comparisons were made with similar fatal crashes between pedestrians and vehicles other than large trucks. The data suggests that greater emphasis should be placed on separating pedestrians and trucks at intersections and on designing truck cabs to improve driver visibility.

This paper casts serious doubts on widely used countermeasures against poisoning - the safe storage of toxic products and the education of parents as to the toxicity of products commonly used in the home. The significant variable in childhood poisonings, according to these investigators, is the characteristic behaviour of the child. Like many other studies of the same general type, however, the present one raises two questions, one having to do with methodology, the other with the implications of the findings.

To deliver a nationwide implementation of the 'FIFA 11 for Health' programme in Brazil and to compare the outcomes with results obtained previously in Sub-Saharan Africa. A cohort study among 3694 Brazilian children aged 9-12 years within 128 elementary schools situated in 12 cities in the five Regions of Brazil. The 'FIFA 11 for Health' programme contains 11 90 min sessions: the first 45 min serve to encourage physical activity through the development of football skills (Play Football) and the second 45 min provide a vehicle for delivering 10 health messages (Play Fair). We measured preintervention and postintervention health knowledge (29-item questionnaire) and the children's evaluation of the programme (6-item questionnaire). Mean age of the children across the five Regions was 10.6 years (range 9.2-11.6). The mean preintervention health knowledge score for the five Regions was 60.2% (range 53.8-65.3%); the mean postintervention score was 78.6% (range 70.7-86.8%); thus the mean increase in health knowledge was 18.4% (range 13.6-29.1%). 91% of the children gave a positive evaluation for the programme (range across five Regions: 82.3-96.7%). The study showed that the 'FIFA 11 for Health' programme, which was originally developed in English and translated into another language, was delivered successfully with results equivalent to those previously obtained in Sub-Saharan Africa. The programme was effective across the five Regions of Brazil.;Note: the messaging in the programme was not specifically related to injury prevention.

Coronial findings into the death of a 3-year old boy who died at Invercargill Hospital of head injuries sustained when he was climbing up a chest of drawers to turn a television that was on the top. The chest of drawers ans the television both toppled onto the child. The Coroners comments and recommendations included: "This highlights that securing objects that may topple over and cause injury if dislodged is especially important to protect young and vulnerable children from serious injury" Child deaths - Case Number CSU-2012-DUN-)290 2012 NZ CorC 142

This document summarises the key points of agreement and disagreement from submissions on 'Better Transport, Better Roads' (BTBR). Ten submissions came from Maori, 189 from interest groups and 902 from individuals. There is a short section dedicated to safety issues, which reports that submissions generally agreed with the proposed safety regime, whereby road providers assume the responsibility for safety including the requirement to adopt a safety management system.

This report is based on the study of child restraint choices in a sample consisting of 357 drivers in Adelaide who were transporting 586 children of ages up to 10 years. The main survey result was that the rate of appropriate restraint was between 64% and 72% (according to the relevant Australian and New Zealand Standard). Appropriate restraint use was lowest for children in the age range 5 to less than 7 years. Drivers almost never mentioned cost as a barrier to child restraint use. Further development of the Standard may enable age to be used as a criterion (rather than weight, as at present) to simplify advice to parents.

A total of 1,135 items of equipment were surveyed and this report discusses the results of that survey and the barriers to compliance with the Standard.

This study is a retrospective case series analysis of all 82 road detahs occurring in the Orana Area Health Service (OAHS) over the 2 year period 1989-1990.

35 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury resulting from sports accident from 1975-1991. This paper looks at the reasons for the injuries with the most common factors being conceit and lack of skill. The most common sports were swimming and gymnastics.

This study collected information from two states on the types of vehicles and safety restraints used and the problems encountered by public schools, community agencies and rehabilitation centres that transport people with disabilities from birth to 21 years of age.

Introduction This study presents a systematic approach—assessment of child injury prevention policies (A-CHIPP)—to assess and track policies on effective child injury interventions at the national level. Results from an initial pilot test of the approach in selected countries are presented. Method A literature review was conducted to identify conceptual models for injury policy assessment, and domains and indicators were proposed for assessing national injury policies for children aged 1–9 years. The indicators focused on current evidence-supported interventions targeting the leading external causes of child injury mortality globally, and were organised into a self-administered A-CHIPP questionnaire comprising 22 questions. The questionnaire was modified based on reviews by experts in child injury prevention. For an initial test of the approach, 13 countries from all six WHO regions were selected to examine the accuracy, usefulness and ease of understanding of the A-CHIPP questionnaire. Results Data on the A-CHIPP questionnaire were received from nine countries. Drowning and road traffic injuries were reported as the leading causes of child injury deaths in seven of these countries. Most of the countries lacked national policies on interventions that address child injuries; supportive factors such as finance and leadership for injury prevention were also lacking. All countries rated the questionnaire highly on its relevance for assessment of injury prevention policies. Conclusion The A-CHIPP questionnaire is useful for national assessment of child injury policies, and such an assessment could draw attention of stakeholders to policy gaps and progress in child injury prevention in all countries.

Background Active transportation to school is an important contributor to the total physical activity of children and adolescents. However, active school travel has declined over time, and interventions are needed to reverse this trend. The purpose of this paper is to review intervention studies related to active school transportation to guide future intervention research. Methods A systematic review was conducted to identify intervention studies of active transportation to school published in the scientific literature through January 2010. Five electronic databases and a manual search were conducted. Detailed information was extracted, including a quantitative assessment comparing the effect sizes, and a qualitative assessment using an established evaluation tool. Results We identified 14 interventions that focused on active transportation to school. These interventions mainly focused on primary school children in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Almost all the interventions used quasi-experimental designs (10/14), and most of the interventions reported a small effect size on active transportation (6/14). Conclusion More research with higher quality study designs and measures should be conducted to further evaluate interventions and to determine the most successful strategies for increasing active transportation to school. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-10 'Open access' - available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050785/

The goal of the study was to systematically review the global body of evidence surrounding the effectiveness of interventions for the prevention of acute pediatric agricultural injuries. A specific focus was the effectiveness of the North American Guidelines for Children’s Agricultural Tasks. Two reviewers independently screened studies and applied inclusion criteria on the basis of searches of 17 bibliographic databases (eg, Medline and Embase). They also screened reference lists of relevant studies and contacted experts in the area. Studies were included if they represented primary research, a comparison group was used, the study population included children or the intervention was directly applicable to children, and objective outcomes were reported. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodologic quality of included studies with the Downs and Black checklist. A qualitative analysis was performed because of extensive heterogeneity among studies. The reviewers included 23 controlled studies, ie, 4 randomized, controlled trials, 5 controlled trials, and 14 quasiexperimental or observational studies. Only 8 of the relevant studies were published in peer-reviewed journals. School-based programs appeared to be effective at increasing short-term knowledge acquisition; outcomes were enhanced with active, hands-on participation, as opposed to passive activities. Safety day camps showed positive results for knowledge acquisition. Tractor training programs and community- and farm-based interventions showed mixed results. Studies examining the North American Guidelines for Children’s Agricultural Tasks suggested that uptake improves if dissemination is accompanied by a farm visit from a safety specialist or if information about child development principles is provided in conjunction with the guidelines. In conclusion, there is a lack of randomized, controlled trials and community-based trials in this area. Studies primarily examined intermediate outcomes, such as knowledge acquisition; few studies evaluated changes in injury rates. The interventions targeted at children and youths that were evaluated focused on educational interventions. There is both the need and potential for the development and evaluation of injury control interventions for children, particularly programs addressing lethal injuries to young/preschool-aged children.

BACKGROUND: Mandatory helmet legislation (MHL) for cyclists became effective in New Zealand (NZ) on 1 January 1994. Assessments of the NZ MHL have led to conflicting conclusions regarding its effectiveness at reducing cycling head injury and risk of fatality. These studies also differ in their use of analytic approaches and data sources. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to systematically review all studies that assess the NZ MHL in accordance with quality criteria for assessing population-based interventions. Data Sources: A search of Medline, Scopus and Web of Science for peer-reviewed articles from 1994 to 9 September 2014 was conducted. Study Selection: Documents were independently extracted by two reviewers and limited to original articles in peer- reviewed journals that assessed the NZ MHL in terms of cycling head injury. RESULTS: The results from three of the four included studies indicated a positive effect of MHL for increasing helmet wearing and reducing head injuries. However, the findings of these studies must be interpreted within the context of methodological limitations. CONCLUSION: We believe more high quality evaluations are needed to provide evidence for an objective assessment of MHL in NZ.

Safe Kids Canada has developed a national campaign aimed at rural safety. As part of that initiative, it aims to distribute the North American Guidelines for Children’s Agricultural Tasks (NAGCAT) to farm families. Their broader rural injury prevention strategy is called the Children’s Rural Safety Program. As a starting point for this initiative, Safe Kids Canada commissioned this systematic review of the literature to synthesize the available evidence regarding: 1) the NAGCAT guidelines and their application to prevention; and 2) the efficacy or effectiveness of other prevention strategies aimed at farm injuries to children.

The abstract states: "Background - The school journey is a common context for child pedestrian injuries in New Zealand, with children from low socioeconomic, Maori or Pacific families being at increased risk. The extent to which evidence-based environmental strategies that can address this problem are equitably implemented is unclear. Aim - To determine if there is a difference in the distribution of traffic-calming modifications around schools in areas of high and low socioeconomic deprivation in Auckland and Manukau Cities, New Zealand. Methods - From a list of the most and least socioeconomically deprived schools in Auckland and Manukau Cities, 40 of each were randomly selected. The number of modifications within a 1 km radius of these schools was recorded in December 2009 or January 2010. The association of deprivation and region with the numbers of traffic-calming modifications was examined using a general linear model. Results - Socioeconomically least deprived schools had more traffic-calming interventions than the most deprived schools (least square mean (LSM): 25 versus 18; p=0.05), and Auckland schools had more interventions than Manukau schools (LSM: 27 versus 16; p=0.001). Conclusion - Traffic-calming measures were observed more commonly in less deprived areas where the risks of child pedestrian injuries are generally lower. This apparent paradox could result in increasing socioeconomic inequities in the distribution of child pedestrian injuries."

The Whanau Awhina project in Otahuhu is designed to provide families with a more intensive health service than could normally be provided. In this article team members discuss the project and their individual roles. One of the project's stated aims is to reduce unintentional injury.

In September 2000, Christchurch’s first official Walking School Buses were established at three local schools as part of a pilot project conducted by the City Council. This concept involves a parent walking along a set route to school, collecting other children from stops along the way. The project was part of a wider international response to recent trends which had witnessed a dramatic increase in the proportion of children being driven to school, at the expense of more active and sustainable modes, such as walking. Ten weeks after the Buses were introduced, a formal evaluation was performed to determine the immediate success of the project. Since then, the programme expanded to involve 15 schools by mid-2003, but no further monitoring appears to have been administered. Consequently, the current status of the Christchurch Walking School Buses is largely unknown. The main objective of this thesis was therefore to address this need for evaluation by examining the sustainability of the Walking School Bus programme in Christchurch over time, and determining what primary factors influence the durability of the initiative. A variety of textual, oral and observational research techniques were employed for this study, but interviews with the parent co-ordinators of current and former Buses provided the main source of information. The results from this research indicate that the Christchurch Walking School Bus programme is suffering a significant decline, as almost half of the Buses have stopped functioning over time. Almost a quarter of the discontinued routes never actually began operating, while another quarter collapsed within a year and a half of their initiation. Parents involved had experienced numerous difficulties, but the main problems were a lack of volunteers to share their workload, and insufficient ongoing support from the school or Council. In order to enhance the durability of the initiative, the City Council need to restructure the organisational processes involved to ensure that parents receive all the assistance necessary to sustain their Buses in the long-term.

In response to concerns over hazardous chemicals in children's products, Washington State passed the Children's Safe Product Act (CSPA). CSPA requires manufacturers to report the concentration of 66 chemicals in children's products. We describe a framework for the toxicological prioritization of the ten chemical groups most frequently reported under CSPA. The framework scores lifestage, exposure duration, primary, secondary and tertiary exposure routes, toxicokinetics and chemical properties to calculate an exposure score. Four toxicological endpoints were assessed based on curated national and international databases: reproductive and developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. A total priority index was calculated from the product of the toxicity and exposure scores. The three highest priority chemicals were formaldehyde, dibutyl phthalate and styrene. Elements of the framework were compared to existing prioritization tools, such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) ExpoCast and Toxicological Prioritization Index (ToxPi). The CSPA framework allowed us to examine toxicity and exposure pathways in a lifestage-specific manner, providing a relatively high throughput approach to prioritizing hazardous chemicals found in children's products.

An article, lesson plan and worksheet about hazards in the rural environment and preparing children for a visit to a farm - the same risk assessment principles can be used for creating discussion around road safety, water safety, safety at home etc.

Injury specialists have not successfully convinced policy makers and the public that injuries can be controlled. That failure may be due in part to the lack of a unified understanding of injury control. The two most important models utilized in injury control are Haddon's Matrix and the Public Health Approach (PHA). This paper argues that the PHA should be combined with the two axes of Haddon's Matrix to result in a model that is coherent and comprehensive. Thus it is better than either one of the original models on their own. Haddon's Matrix has two axes. The first includes elements of the epidemiological triad, host, vector, and environment and likens injury to disease. The second axis includes three time intervals, pre-event, event, and post-event. The importance of including time was that injury was conceptualized as predictable and preventable. The weakness of Haddon's matrix is that it lacks a systematic plan of action. The Public Health Approach is a methodology for addressing injury, which consists of a hierarchy of four levels; surveillance, risk factor identification, intervention evaluation and program implementation. The use of the PHA with no specific orientation or means of application is its weakness. The PHA lacks a systematic point of application. Haddon's Matrix lacks a systematic action plan. Therefore we propose the PHA as the systematic strategy for the more theoretical framework of Haddon's matrix. By combining these concepts a coherent and comprehensive three-dimensional framework is defined. The unified model closes the potential gaps in the two original models and includes a systematic approach not previously achieved. This unified model is practical in defining individual studies and groups of studies. It can be used as an inventory, for a complete understanding of a particular injury. Diagrams of the model are presented to help teach the concepts of injury described in this unitary model. In conclusion, we can say that the inclusion of three injury concepts in one framework provides a rigorous and coherent construct for the understanding of injury and implementation of control activities. It can therefore be used to design more comprehensive programs for injury control and promote policies and funding commensurate with the magnitude of the injury problem.

Membership pamphlet. Outlines aims of network.

The report reviews proposed legislation for a warrant of fitness (WOF) for rental housing. It outlines the settings of preventable child injuries and looks at the success or otherwise of similar WOF inititatives in other countries. Available online at: http://ipru3.otago.ac.nz/ipru/ReportsPDFs/Housing%20WOF%20Final%20Report%2018%20March%202013.pdf

Outlines the role of the Road Safety Officer and some of the tasks he undertakes

This plan from the World Health Organisation has been developed in collaboration with the International Society for Burn Injuries (ISBI) and other partners. It was developed with the input of experts in burn prevention and care from 14 countries. Burns are a serious health problem globally. Every year more than 300, 000 people die from fires alone. More are killed by burns caused by hot liquids, electricity and chemicals. Millions of people are disabled and disfigured by severe burns and they are also stigmatised. In high-income countries, considerable progress has been made in lowering rates of burn death by proven prevention efforts, such as smoke detectors, regulation of hot water heater temperature and flame resistant children's sleepwear, among others. Most of these advances in prevention and care have been minimally applied in low- and middle-income countries, where the vast majority (95%) of burn deaths occur. The plan outlines what WHO would like to promote in terms of: advocacy, policy, data and measurement, research, prevention, health-care services for victims and capacity building. It includes activities that WHO itself commits to undertake in the near future as well what the entire field of burn prevention and control should be accomplishing in the coming decade. The plan is intended to catalyse efforts to improve the scenario for burn prevention and care and so to significantly diminish the burden of death and suffering from burns globally. Refers to the role of Safe Kids Worldwide, p. 9

This booklet produced by Johnson and Johnson in Australia provides an overview for the new parent on all aspects of the new babies care. Most of the information is to do with the physical and emotional cares for the child but also gives information safety in regard to the home and car.