A group of children and adults were asked for their reactions to simulated bicycle collisions and contrary to predictions, age and gender were unrelated to subjects expectations of whether a collision would take place, be actively avoided or fail to take place and whether they could remain safe, that safety equipment (helmets) would keep them safe, or that different behavior would keep them safe.

This factsheet provides information and safety advice for parents of young children with regards to home fire safety. Information and advice is provided under the following headings; 1) Children and fire 2) Smoke alarms 3) Home fire escape plans.

These are the conference proceedings from the PHA conference, held in 2001, where the theme was "Achieving Equity in Health".

AIM: To establish if there is a correlation between burn incidence and social deprivation in order to formulate a more effective burns prevention strategy. METHODS: A quantitative retrospective review of International Burn Injury Database (IBID) was carried out over a period from 2006 to 2011 to obtain data for children referred to our burns centre in West Midlands. Social deprivation scores for geographical areas were obtained from Office of National Statistics (ONS). Statistical analysis was carried out using Graphpad Prism. RESULTS: 1688 children were reviewed at our burns centre. Statistical analysis using Pearson correlation coefficient showed a slight association between social deprivation and increasing burn incidence r(2)=0.1268, 95% confidence interval 0.018-0.219, p value<0.0001. There was a slight male preponderance (58%). The most common mechanism of injury was scalding (61%). The most commonly affected age group were 1-2 year olds (38%). There were statistically significant differences in the ethnicity of children with significantly more children from Asian and African backgrounds being referred compared to Caucasian children. We found that appropriate first aid was administered in 67% of cases overall. We did not find a statistically significant link between first aid provision and social deprivation score. DISCUSSION: There was only a slight positive correlation between social deprivation and burn incidence. However, there did not seem to be any change in mechanism of burn in the most deprived groups compared to overall pattern, nor was there a significant difference in appropriate first aid provision. CONCLUSION: It would seem that dissemination of burn prevention strategies and first aid advice need to be improved across all geographical areas as this was uniformly lacking and the increased burn incidence in more socially deprived groups, although present, was not statistically significant.

This article describes a model and design for evaluating a comprehensive community health promotion initiative. The theoretically based model was designed by the authors to evaluate a countywide initiative based on developmental assets, a framework for healthy youth development promoted by the Search Institute in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The model includes the components of a typical logic model and incorporates concepts proposed by diffusion of innovations, social cognitive theory, and Search Institute's conceptual model for community change. The model highlights the priorities of local stakeholders and directs evaluation activities in multiple community sectors over time. The evaluation design is presented according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention framework for program evaluation in public health.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) became a named entity in 1969 and the term has been used to certify sudden unexpected infant deaths meeting certain demographic, epidemiologic, and pathologic criteria. Since it is a diagnosis of exclusion, there is inherent imprecision, and this has led the National Association of Medical Examiners to recommend that these deaths now be classified as "undetermined." This historical review article briefly analyzes anecdotal instances of SIDS described centuries ago as overlying, smothering, infanticide, and suffocation by bedclothes followed by a more detailed review of "thymic" causes (i.e., thymic asthma and status thymicolymphaticus) popular in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Before the 1950s, such cases were also often categorized as accidental mechanical suffocation. In the 1940s and 1950s, forensic studies on infants dying unexpectedly revealed a typical pattern of autopsy findings strongly suggestive of natural causation and, after 1969, cases meeting the appropriate criteria were usually categorized as SIDS, a term embraced by the public and by advocacy groups. Research conducted after the 1960s identified important risk factors and generated many theories related to pathogenesis, such as prolonged sleep apnea. The incidence of SIDS deaths decreased sharply in the early 1990s after implementing public awareness programs addressing risk factors such as prone sleeping position and exposure to smoking. Deletion of cases in which death scene investigation suggested asphyxiation and cases where molecular autopsies revealed metabolic diseases further decreased the incidence. This historical essay lays the foundation for debate on the future of the SIDS entity.

The purpose of this study was to use geographic information system (GIS) software to locate areas of high risk for child pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions in the city of Long Beach and to compare risk factors between midblock and intersection collisions. Children 0-14 years of age involved in a motor vehicle versus pedestrian collision that occurred on public roadways in Long Beach, CA, between 1 January 1992 and 30 June 1995, were identified retrospectively from police reports. GIS software was used for spatial analysis and distance calculations. Results showed that children less than 5 years of age were significantly more likely to be hit at a midblock location while those aged 5-9 and 10-14 were more often hit at an intersection. Intersection collisions were more likely to occur on major arterials and local streets, and the driver to be the primary party at fault. While intersection incidents tended to occur further from the child's home (64.4%) the majority of midblock incidents (61.5%) occurred within 0.1 miles of the child's residence. For both midblock and intersection locations, pedestrian collisions tended to occur more frequently in those census tracts with a larger number of families per census tract-a measure of household crowding and density. Future studies taking into consideration traffic volume and vehicle speed would be useful to focus prevention efforts such as environmental modifications, improving police enforcement, and educational efforts targeted at parents of younger children. As GIS illustrative spatial relationships continue to improve, relationships between pedestrian collision sites and other city landmarks can advance the study of pedestrian incidents.

This article presents an international overview of burns prevention and car: "Each year more than 300 000 people die from fire-related burn injuries. Millions more suffer from burn-related disabilities and disfigurements which have psychological, social and economic effects on both the survivors and their families. The burden of burn injury is one that falls predominantly on the world’s poor: 95% of fire-related burn deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Not only are burn deaths and injuries more common in people of lower socioeconomic status, but the survivors find their pre-injury poverty levels worsen after recovery." Available at: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/10/en/index.html

The aim of this guide is to provide a practical framework for the active and effective management of community funding, covering the spectrum of grants to formal contracts for services. It highlights successful approaches for the effective management of community funding processes, with the aim of helping local authorities arrive at positive outcomes for the community based on good process.

This guide presents a series of evidence-based statements for commissioners of services that derive from the Keeping Children Safe at Home (KCS) project. It is intended to assist commissioners to specify local programmes that are effective in reducing unintentional injuries to pre-school-aged children.

This guide covers: Elements of a quality consultative process: Models of consultation; Te Puni Kokiri Regional Offices and Contacts within Te Puni Kokiri

This Guide for Establishing Primary Health Organisations (PHOs) should be read in conjunction with the Primary Health Care Strategy (see rec # 4841) and the Minimum Requirements for PHOs released by the Minister of Health in November 2001 (refer Appendix One). It is designed to be useful to District Health Boards (DHBs) and to providers and communities when they are planning primary health care locally and working to set up PHOs. It explains what PHOs are, what they will do, and covers some key considerations in their establishment. The Guide is intended as a collection of helpful ideas, examples and tools. It does not set further requirements. Since the Minimum Requirements are deliberately permissive of different approaches, DHBs should be careful not to restrict this approach or stifle innovations by setting their own more rigid requirements. Providers are encouraged to approach DHBs with their suggestions, and DHBs should develop their own plans in light of such proposals. PHOs are the local structures through which DHBs will implement the Primary Health Care Strategy. PHOs will be not-for-profit provider organisations funded by DHBs to provide primary health care services for an enrolled population.

A brief pamphlet produced by Counties/Manukau Police which details the rules and regulations governing the use of airguns: -who can buy one? -who can fire one? -where can you fire one? -common offences and penalties

This is a locally developed pamphlet resource which offers a free child seat selection and fitting advice service. Information is provided under the following headings; 1) Try before you buy or hire a child restraint, 2) Who is responsible? 3) Buying/Renting a child restraint, 4) Legal requirements/Fine for not wearing a seatbelt, 5) Types of child restraint, 6) Did you know..., 7) Second-hand child restraints, and 8) Airbags.

Regulation is an important element in child safety accident prevention. Many successful injury prevention interventions directly involve or are dependent on regulations and standards. Regulations can influence behaviour, products or the environment within which children find themselves. Reduced speed limits, the adoption of child resistant designs for cigarette lighters, the compulsory use of child resistant packaging for all children’s aspirin and paracetamol preparations, to give but a few examples, are all regulatory initiatives that have resulted in significant reductions in accidents involving children. This guide tries to present and clarify the role of regulation in child accident prevention in today’s Europe. The different aspects of the regulatory process are examined and a state of the art review of the standards and regulations currently in existence is presented. This review identifies not only the existing European regulations and standards but also identifies best practice where this doesn’t exist at the European level but rather at the national level. On the basis of this overview a number of priorities for action are identified. This is a general introduction to the very complicated regulatory process. There is however a list of sources for further information that deal in much greater detail with specific aspects of the regulatory process.

This guide states that the Safe Communities Foundation of New Zealand (SCFNZ) has: "... been established to work collaboratively with other key stakeholders to support the further development of community-based safety promotion and injury prevention. Additionally, recent changes in Government’s commitment to injury prevention are demonstrated by the development of the New Zealand Injury Prevention Strategy (NZIPS), launched in June, 2003 (website: www.nzips.govt.nz). The NZIPS provides a strategic framework for injury prevention and safety promotion activity in New Zealand. The framework is a guide for action by a range of government agencies, local government, non-government organisations (such as the SCFNZ), communities and individuals. As implementation activities of the NZIPS increase, a key issue that has emerged and is critical to the long-term success of achieving the vision and goals of NZIPS, is integrating injury prevention and safety promotion activities through collaboration and co-ordination, particularly at the community level (Objective 5). SCFNZ has developed this resource to be a generic guide to the development of a Safe Community in New Zealand. It is intended to be a living document and SCFNZ anticipate that, depending on availability of resources, it will be updated as new information becomes available." PDF available at: http://www.safecommunities.org.nz/resources/guidelines/Guideline%20Resource%20two.pdf/view

This New Zealand Ministry of Health guide is intended to assist people to design and implement easy to understand, effective and measurable public health programmes that deliver improved results. The guide discusses programme 'resources', 'components', 'implementation plans' and 'outcomes' and includes examples of 'logic models' and checklists.

This pamphlet is intended as a guide only, advising the minimum legal safety requirements for doing your own electrical work safely and legally.

This booklet provides property owners with general guidance on making driveways at their properties safer to reduce the risk of young children being run over. It addresses providing a safe play area for young children, a safe route for pedestrians and clear lines of sight for vehicles leaving and entering the property. Design tips for single and multiple use driveways plus a checklist summary are also included

The purpose of this guide is to outline the issues to be addressed and the steps to be taken in the course of planning and undertaking a statistical survey and its subsequent analysis. The guide summarises Statistic New Zealand's understanding of the principles of good survey design.

This guide introduces health impact assessment (HIA) as a practical way to ensure that health is considered as part of policy development in all sectors. Policy-makers in any sector, at both central and local level, could use this guide. Those who may be affected by policy may also find the guide useful. Health impact assessment is a formal activity that aims to predict the potential effects of policies on health and health inequalities. It is used to help analyse policy alternatives during the policy development process. It is ideally used by policy-makers, with the support of public health specialists as advisors when required. Health impact assessment is based on the recognition that the health status of people and communities is greatly influenced by factors that lie outside the health sector, for instance in areas such as housing, employment or transport. HIA can be applied at the ‘project’ level (eg, when a new road is being built in a particular community), but this guide focuses on the policy level (eg, public transport policy, housing assistance policy, student loans policy). The main purpose of HIA is to enhance the policy-making process. It is a practical aid to help facilitate better policy-making that is based on evidence, focused on outcomes and encourages collaboration between a range of sectors and stakeholders. The use of HIA is part of wider moves towards sustainable development, cross-sectoral collaboration and a ‘whole of government’ approach.

This guide introduces health impact assessment (HIA) as a practical way to ensure that health is considered as part of policy development in all sectors. Policy-makers in any sector, at both central and local level, could use this guide. Those who may be affected by policy may also find the guide useful. Health impact assessment is a formal activity that aims to predict the potential effects of policies on health and health inequalities. It is used to help analyse policy alternatives during the policy development process. It is ideally used by policy-makers, with the support of public health specialists as advisors when required. Health impact assessment is based on the recognition that the health status of people and communities is greatly influenced by factors that lie outside the health sector, for instance in areas such as housing, employment or transport. HIA can be applied at the ‘project’ level (eg, when a new road is being built in a particular community), but this guide focuses on the policy level (eg, public transport policy, housing assistance policy, student loans policy). The main purpose of HIA is to enhance the policy-making process. It is a practical aid to help facilitate better policy-making that is based on evidence, focused on outcomes and encourages collaboration between a range of sectors and stakeholders. The use of HIA is part of wider moves towards sustainable development, cross-sectoral collaboration and a ‘whole of government’ approach.

The aims of this guide are: to facilitate and encourage the integration of health impact assessment into the "assessment of effects on the environment" as outlined in the Resource Management Act 1991: to assist those involved in the preparation and assessment of health impacts: to promote better understanding of the links between environmental quality and health and to improve decision making on resource management issues which may effect the environment and health.

This printed out information from the www.wanz.co.nz website takes the form of a large flow chart and and sheet of tables of technical information about the different types of architectural safety glass (such as toughened glass, laminated glass, wired safety glass etc) and the thickness it needs to be and where it should be used to minimise cutting and piercing injuries. The flow chart guides decision making about where in the building to use safety glass (and what sort to use in that location). The website states: "This section details what kind of glass must be installed in certain locations. Glass can be hazardous if not used properly. There are lots of ways to make glass safe, and these pages step you through the selection process in accordance [... with the New Zealand Standard]." They have permission from Standards NZ to use this information from NZS 4223: Part 3 : 1999. This version is 60 - 63 cm and was provided by the Glass Association. Available at: http://www.wanz.co.nz/

This printed out information from the www.wanz.co.nz website takes the form of a large flow chart and and sheet of tables of technical information about the different types of architectural safety glass (such as toughened glass, laminated glass, wired safety glass etc) and the thickness it needs to be and where it should be used to minimise cutting and piercing injuries. The flow chart guides decision making about where in the building to use safety glass (and what sort to use in that location). The website states: "This section details what kind of glass must be installed in certain locations. Glass can be hazardous if not used properly. There are lots of ways to make glass safe, and these pages step you through the selection process in accordance [... with the New Zealand Standard]." They have permission from Standards NZ to use this information from NZS 4223: Part 3 : 1999. Available at: http://www.wanz.co.nz/

This guide for the building industry is an illustrated card which guides the tradesperson through a series of questions to find the appropriate type of glass for every situation.

The Energy Safety Service has prepared this handbook as a guide to living safely with electricity. In this guide you will find useful information on how to use electricity safely in and around the home. It includes using electrical equipment and appliances, working with cables and wiring and working with electricity outdoors. There is also a section on children and electricity. A checklist is also provided to help people identify and correct electrical hazards. Updated from 2002 edition. Available at: http://www.energysafety.govt.nz/templates/MultipageDocumentTOC____17549.aspx

The Energy Safety Service has prepared this handbook as a guide to living safely with electricity. In this guide you will find useful information on how to use electricity safely in and around the home. It includes using electrical equipment and appliances, working with cables and wiring and working with electricity outdoors. There is also a section on children and electricity. A checklist is also provided to help people identify and correct electrical hazards.

Guidelines for parents of preschoolers giving safety hints which apply to all young children and then hints for different kinds of prevention at different ages.

Guidelines for parents of preschoolers giving safety hints which apply to all young children and then hints for different kinds of prevention at different ages.

A summary of the proposed registration system for charities and functions of the Charities Commission.

In Washington State school districts are required by law to have suggested walk route plans for every elemental schools. This report is a comprehensive, concise reference for preparing such plans and shows how school walk routes fit into an overall school pedestrian safety program.

In car driving, hazard perception tests have revealed important differences in perceptual-cognitive skills between novice and experienced drivers. Although these insights have led to new educational programs for learner drivers, similar research has not yet been done for other road users such as bicyclists. In the current investigation, a first hazard perception test for bicyclists has been developed and tested on both adults and children of ±eight year old. The test consisted of three sections in which visual behaviour, environmental awareness, and risk perception were evaluated respectively. Although only few differences in visual behaviour and environmental awareness were found, adults were found to react earlier on hazards than children. These results suggest that children have difficulties to interpret the necessary information to react timely to hazardous traffic situations. Alternatively, the current set-up of the hazard perception test might not have been suitable to detect differences in visual behaviour between children and adults in traffic situations. Therefore the development and use of future hazard perception tests for bicyclists is discussed.

This hospital led community bicycle helmet promotion campaign directed at young people showed an increase in the number of children reporting that they "always" wore their helmet while cycling. There was a significantly higher rate of helmet wearing in the campaign area as compared to the control area as well as a significant reduction in head injuries as a result of cycle accidents.

Problem: In the decade 1970–1979, some 537 persons were killed in Australia in crashes between motor vehicles and trains at railway crossings. Method: A study of 85 consecutive crossing deaths showed that flashing light signals provided an inadequate stimulus at busy metropolitan crossings, while field studies at rural crossings showed that many drivers behaved similarly at both active and passive crossings. This suggested the need for different signs at the two types of crossings. Results: The number of motor-vehicle occupants killed at railroad highway grade crossings in the 1990–1999 decade in Australia was 172 — a reduction of 68% from the 1970–1979 total. Discussion: Most of this paper is devoted to the recent change in advance warning signs at passive crossings. Because of the small volumes of both road and rail traffic, it is difficult to measure the effectiveness of these or other innovations at passive crossings. The paper ends with a plea for the development of some reliable surrogate measures that can be used for this purpose.

A three-day workshop manaual designed by and for Aboriginal community practitioners. It is written so that any front line worker with experience in facilitation can run the workshop, even without any background in injury prevention.

One page article about the Safekids Driveway Safety campaign.

This resource developed for Kidsafe Week 2002 introduces the Fencing of Swimming Pools Act 1987 and provides some important facts about child drowning. There is also a section on the role of Territorial Authorities and a message for Swimming Pool Exemption Committees. Portable pools and spa pools are also discussed.

The report ranks OECD countries according to their child injury death rates for children aged 1 to 14. In a field of 26, New Zealand comes in at place 22. Only the United States, Portugal, Mexico and Korea fare worse than New Zealand. At the other end of the table Sweden, followed by the UK, Italy and the Netherlands are doing the best. New Zealand has over double the rate of child injury deaths of each of these four countries. This report lists the 'key findings' and makes a number of important recommendations.

This report represents the first ever attempt to draw a comparative picture of the physical abuse of children in the 27 richest nations of the world. UNICEF research estimates that almost 3,500 children under the age of 15 die from physical abuse and neglect every year in the industrialized world. The greatest risk is among younger children. A small group of countries - Spain, Greece, Italy, Ireland and Norway - appear to have an exceptionally low incidence of child maltreatment deaths; Belgium, the Czech Republic, New Zealand, Hungary and France have levels that are four to six times higher. The United States, Mexico and Portugal have rates that are between 10 and 15 times higher than those at the top of the league table. The good news is that child deaths from maltreatment appear to be declining in the great majority of industrialized countries.

American video aimed at the parents of young children with simple fire safety messages: Keep matches and lighters out of sight and out of reach of children; Use child-resistant lighters; teach children to be wary of lighters and matches; Install smoke alarms and have fire drill practices in the home.

The municipality of Motala in Sweden introduced a local bicycle helmet 'law' on May 1, 1996. This is not a legally enacted ordinance, but instead a legislated recommendation backed up by information and education. Formally, the law applies to children (aged 6-12 years), although the intention is to increase helmet use by all cyclists. The objective of the present study was to quantitatively evaluate the impact of the Motala helmet law on observed use of helmets by children and adults. Bicycle helmet use was monitored in Motala (n = 2,458/year) and in control towns (n = 17,818/year) both before and after adoption of the helmet law (1995-1998). Chi-square tests showed that helmet wearing 1995-1998 increased in Motala among all bicyclists (from 6.1% to 10.5%) and adults biking on cycle paths (from 1.8% to 7.6%). Helmet use by school children aged 6-12 increased during the first 6 months after introduction of the law (from 65.0% to 75.7%) but then progressively decreased to the pre-law level. Considering children cycling on cycle paths and for recreation in housing areas, there was a tendency towards increased helmet use during the first post-law year, but this was followed by a reduction to a lower level in 1998 than in 1995. Logistic regression analysis taking into account data from the control towns indicated that the helmet law had a positive effect on children cycling to schools during the first 6 months, and a weak delayed but more long-term positive effect on adult cyclists on cycle paths. There were no positive effects on children in housing areas and on cycle paths. The Motala helmet law probably would have had greater and more lasting effects on helmet use by bicyclists, if certain problems had been avoided during the initiation phase. Moreover, although it did have a positive influence on both school children and adults, it is not legally binding, and hence no penalties can be imposed. Presumably, compulsory legislation would have a more substantial impact on helmet wearing than a non-mandatory helmet 'law' such as that introduced in Motala.

On May 1, 1996, the Municipality of Motala in Sweden introduced a local bicycle helmet ‘law.’ It is, however, not an official law in a legal sense, but a municipally endorsed recommendation supported by promotional activities. This ‘law’ applies to children (ages 6-12), although the objective is to increase helmet use among cyclists of all ages. The study is a qualitative evaluation of the structure and process during initiation and implementation of the Motala bicycle helmet law. The aim was to describe the activities that were carried out, which actors took part and the opinions of the most closely involved actors. The results are based on analysis of written material and on interviews with eight of the actors. The mass media focused much attention on the bicycle helmet law, especially during the first six months after its introduction. The name helmet law was presumably of significance in this context. It is essential that relevant target groups provide sufficient support and that committed individuals initiate and promote the work, which, however, must not become dependent on a single individual. All issues concerning bicycle helmets should be coordinated with the law. Also, continuous engagement of the municipal government and a strategy for the control and follow-up of the law are needed. Local bicycle helmet laws of this type have a potential to produce a long-lasting effect on helmet use, provided some of the problems encountered can be avoided and some of the promotional activities are intensified.

Walking or cycling to school has been associated with important health benefits. Distance between home and school is the main correlate of active commuting to school, but how far children walk to school and how this changes as children age is unknown. Mode of commuting and objectively-assessed distance to school were measured at 3 time points: aged 9/10 years, 10/11 years and 13/14 years. Data were analysed using ROC-curve analyses. With age, children walked further to school; the threshold distance that best discriminated walkers from passive commuters was 1421 m in 10-year-olds, 1627 m in 11-year-olds and 3046 m in 14-year-olds. Future interventions should consider the distance that young people actually walk.

BACKGROUND: In high income countries, injuries account for 40 % of all child deaths, representing the leading cause of child mortality and a major source of morbidity. The need for studies across age groups, and use of health related quality of life measures that assess functional limitations in multiple health domains, with sampling at specific post-injury time points has been identified. The objective of this study was to describe the impact of childhood injury and recovery on health related quality of life (HRQoL) for the 12 months after injury. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study parents of children 0-16 years old attending British Columbia Children's Hospital for an injury were surveyed over 12 months post-injury. Surveys assessed HRQoL at four points: baseline (pre-injury), one month, four to six months and 12 months post injury. Generalized estimating equation models identified factors associated with changes in HRQoL over time. RESULTS: A total of 256 baseline surveys were completed. Response rates for follow-ups at one, four and twelve months were 74 % (186), 67 % (169) and 64 % (161), respectively. The mean age of participants was 7.9 years and 30 % were admitted to the hospital. At baseline, a retrospective measure of pre-injury health, the mean HRQoL score was 90.7. Mean HRQoL ratings at one, four and 12 months post injury were 77.8, 90.3 and 91.3, respectively. Both being older and being hospitalized were associated with a steeper slope to recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Although injuries are prevalent, the long term impacts of most childhood injuries are limited. Regardless of injury severity, most injured children recuperated quickly, and had regained total baseline status by four month post-injury. However, although hospitalization did not appear to impact long term psychosocial recovery, at four and 12 months post injury a greater proportion of hospitalized children continued to have depressed physical HRQoL scores. Both older and hospitalized children reported greater impact to HRQoL at one month post injury, and both had a steeper slope to recovery and were on par with their peers by four month.

This resource lists ten practical factors that need to be co-coordinated and in place to meet the aims and objectives of the Living Streets campaign.

The authors of this study evaluated the protective effectiveness of speed humps in reducing child pedestrian injuries in residential neighborhoods. They conducted a matched case-control study over a 5-year period among children seen in a pediatric emergency department after being struck by an automobile. A multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that speed humps were associated with lower odds of children being injured within their neighborhood and being struck in front of their home. Ethnicity (but not socioeconomic status) was independently associated with child pedestrian injuries and was adjusted for in the regression model. In conclusion, the findings suggest that speed humps make children's living environments safer.