This guide is written to help families prepare for their child's entry or return to school after a serious injury. Gives practical suggestions that are based on the experiences of other families and their children.

Booklet gives practical suggestions to help families to cope with the effects of injury and to plan for the future.

Pamphlet explains the importance of being careful around overhead power lines in rural settings. Tips include : keep your distance ; park machinery or trucks away from overhead lines ; plan routes to keep clear of power lines ; handle metal pipes and fencing wire with care ; install safety switches (RCD's or residual current devices).

This pamphlet discusses the problem of off-road and driveway child pedestrian injuries. It provides some facts and some safety advice.

This driveway runover fact sheet from the Safe Communities Foundation New Zealand includes sections on: Facts, Driver awareness, Separate, Supervision. It also uses the 'Check', 'Supervise' and 'Separate' safety messages. See also: http://www.safecommunities.org.nz/resources/fss

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective population-based study examined drowning location by the site of immersion for both fatal and non-fatal drowning events in Queensland. Drowning location is not routinely collected, and this study used data linkage to identify drowning sites. The resulting enhanced quality data quantify drowning incidence for specific locations by geographic region, age group and by severity for the first time. DESIGN: Linked data were accessed from the continuum of care (prehospital, emergency, hospital admission and death data) on fatal and non-fatal drowning episodes in children aged 0-19 years in Queensland for the years 2002-2008 inclusive. RESULTS: Drowning locations ranked in order of overall incidence were pools, inland water, coastal water, baths and other man-made water hazards. Swimming pools produced the highest incidence rates (7.31/100 000) for overall drowning events and were more often privately owned pools and in affluent neighbourhoods. Toddlers 0-4 years were most at risk around pools (23.94/100 000), and static water bodies such as dams and buckets-the fatality ratios were highest at these 2 locations for this age group. Children 5-14 years incurred the lowest incidence rates regardless of drowning location. Adolescents 15-19 years were more frequently involved in a drowning incident on the coast shoreline, followed by inland dynamic water bodies. CONCLUSIONS: Linked data have resulted in the most comprehensive data collection on drowning location and severity to date for children in the state of Queensland. Most mortality and morbidity could have been prevented by improving water safety through engaged supervision around pools and bath time, and a heightened awareness of buckets and man-made water hazards around the farm home for young children. These data provide a different approach to inform prevention strategies.

"Drowning is the second leading cause of unintentional injury death among children ages 1 to 19 years. Details about specific site of submersion are important for implementation of primary prevention efforts, but are not routinely available from national data." The objective of this study therefore, was to provide national data about the specific sites of drowning among US children and to examine site-specific drowning rates by age, race, and gender. In conclusion, the variety of sites in which children drown, even with specific age groups, emphasises the need for a multifaceted approach to prevention.

This large print, illustrated story book is designed to be read to children. The story and illustrations contain many water safety messages and themes that can be discussed with the children and expanded upon. This resource is also accompanied by some teacher notes.

The objective of this study was to ascertain whether the number of sudden infant deaths as a result of suffocation in cribs, in adult beds, on sofas or chairs, and on other sleep surfaces was increasing whether attributable to increased reporting, diagnostic shift, or an actual increase in suffocation deaths and to compare the risk of reported accidental suffocation for infants on sleep surfaces designed for infants with the risk on adult beds. The authors reviewed all accidental suffocation deaths among infants <11 months of age reported to the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission from 1980 through 1983 and 1995 through 1998. They compared infants’ ages and other demographic data, the sleep location and surface used, and the reported mechanism or pattern of death. For 1995–1998, they used data on sleep location from an annual survey of randomly selected households of living infants younger than 8 months, collected as part of the National Infant Sleep Position Study at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, to calculate risk for death as a result of suffocation in cribs, in adult beds, and on sofas or chairs. The number of reported suffocation deaths by location were compared between the 1980s and 1990s using logistic regression modeling to calculate odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and P values. Comparative risks for suffocation deaths on a given sleep surface for infants in the 1990s were examined by calculating rates of death per 100 000 exposed infants and comparing the 95% CI for overlap. Results showed that from the 1980s, 513 cases of infant suffocation were considered; from the 1990s, 883 cases. The number of reported suffocation deaths in cribs fell from 192 to 107, the number of reported deaths in adult beds increased from 152 to 391, and the number of reported deaths on sofas or chairs increased from 33 to 110. Using cribs as the reference group and adjusting for potential confounders, the multivariate ORs showed that infant deaths in adult beds were 8.1 times more likely to be reported in the 1990s than in the 1980s, and infant deaths on sofas and chairs were 17.2 times more likely to be reported in the 1990s than in the 1980s. The sleep location of a subset of cases from the 1990s, 348 infants younger than 8 months at death, was compared with the sleep location of 4220 living infants younger than 8 months. The risk of suffocation was approximately 40 times higher for infants in adult beds compared with those in cribs. The increase in risk remained high even when overlying deaths were discounted (32 times higher) or the estimate of rates of bedsharing among living infants doubled (20 times higher). In conclusion, reported deaths of infants who suffocated on sleep surfaces other than those designed for infants are increasing. The most conservative estimate showed that the risk of suffocation increased by 20-fold when infants were placed to sleep in adult beds rather than in cribs. The public should be clearly informed of the attendant risks.

Smoke alarms and fire extinguishers available in New Zealand were tested and ranked according to performance. Both ionising and photoelectric alarms were studied and the different types of fire extinguishers included dry-powder, foam, Carbon dioxide, Halon and BCF types.

Pamphlet outlines the risk of heatstroke to children, what happens and what to do.

Objective: Dog bites cause an estimated 585,000 injuries resulting in the need for medical attention yearly and children are the most frequent victims. This study sought to determine dog-specific factors independently associated with a dog biting a nonhousehold member. Conclusions: Pediatricians should avise parents that failure to neuter a dog and selection of male dogs and certain breeds such as German Shepherd and Chow Chow may increase the risk of their dog biting a nonhousehold member, who often may be a child. The potential preventability of this frequent public health problem deserves further attention.

BACKGROUND: Ecological models emphasize that cycling for transport is determined by an interplay between individual, physical and social environmental factors. The current study investigated (a) which physical and social environmental factors determine adolescents' preferences towards cycling for transport and (b) which individual, physical and social environmental factors are associated with their intention to actually cycle for transport. METHODS: An online questionnaire consisting of questions on individual and social environmental variables, and 15 choice-based conjoint tasks with manipulated photographs was completed by 882 adolescents (55.3% male; 13.9 ± 1.6 years). Within the choice tasks, participants were asked to indicate which of two situations they would prefer to cycle to a friend's house. The manipulated photographs were all modified versions of one semi-urban street which differed in the following physical micro-environmental attributes (separation of cycle path, evenness of cycle path, speed limit, speed bump, traffic density, amount of vegetation and maintenance). In addition, each photograph was accompanied by two sentences which described varying cycling distances and co-participation in cycling (i.e. cycling alone or with a friend). After each choice task participants were also asked if they would actually cycle in that situation in real life (i.e. intention). Hierarchical Bayes analyses were performed to calculate relative importances and part-worth utilities of environmental attributes. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate which individual, physical and social environmental factors were associated with adolescents' intention to actually cycle for transport. RESULTS: Adolescents' preference to cycle for transport was predominantly determined by separation of cycle path, followed by shorter cycling distance and co-participation in cycling. Higher preferences were observed for a separation between the cycle path and motorized traffic by means of a hedge versus a curb, versus a marked line. Similar findings were observed for intention to cycle. Furthermore, evenness of the cycle path and general maintenance of the street were also of considerable importance among adolescents, but to a lesser extent. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this experimental study justify investment by local governments in well-separated cycling infrastructure, which seemed to be more important than cycling distance and the social environment.

This booklet offers suggestions for selecting suitable toys for children 6 to 12 years of age. It was prepared by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, the government agency that is charged with protecting the public against unreasonable risks of injury associated with consumer products.

This booklet offers suggestions for selecting suitable toys for children birth to 5 years of age. It was prepared by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, the government agency that is charged with protecting the public against unreasonable risks of injury associated with consumer products.

Summary: "Public health has made our lives safer - but it often works behind the scenes, without our knowledge, that is, "while we are sleeping." This book illuminates how public health works with more than sixty success stories drawn from the area of injury and violence prevention. It also profiles dozens of individuals who have made important contributions to safety and health in a range of social arenas. Highlighting examples from the United States as well as from other countries, While We Were Sleeping will inform a wide audience of readers about what public health actually does and at the same time inspire a new generation to make the world a safer place."--BOOK JACKET.

The literature on Whiplash Associated Disorder (WAD) relates almost exclusively to adults. The only study found on a paediatric population quotes an incidence rate of 29% (Hadfield, et al, 1998) in child passengers but it relied exclusively on telephone survey data. Given an increase in child passenger miles in urban areas in recent years (Road Accidents, 1987) the paucity of information is surprising. This one-year project was undertaken to determine the incidence, severity and clinical course of WAD in child passengers aged 4-16 following MVCs.

Emergency Departments are important sites for injury surveillance but the quality of data collected has not been evaluated. This prospective cohort study assessed the ability of various respondents to provide circumstantial information following pediatric bicyclist trauma. A semi-structured survey tool was administered in the Emergency Department of a Level One Pediatric Trauma Center for 448 child bicyclists. The injured child provided more complete information when compared to witnesses and Emergency Medical Services personnel. No one respondent type provided the complete history. To obtain thorough injury circumstantial information, multiple respondents should be interviewed utilizing a semi-structured questionnaire.

Study designed to compare pickup truck drivers who carried passengers in the back with those who did not in respect to driving behaviours, sociodemographic features and issues related to use of the truck.Purpose of the study was to better understand the attitudes, beliefs and conditions under which a driver permits occupants to ride in the back where restraint use is not possible. A substantial proportion of drivers had allowed children aged 0-12 to travel in the back and had acknowledged a greater proportion of high risk driving behaviours.

Paper examines driver characteristics in crashes where children and teenagers were injured. Factors associated with high risk of young passengers being unrestrained were: male driver, young driver, drinking driver, speeding or reckless driver, and night-time journey.

A letter printed in the BMJ, from a consortium of paediatricians which looks at the need for a better representation of children's needs at all levels of health policy and decision making in the UK. Key summary points: - Children are a nation's most precious resource and their health is vital for the success of society - Despite this, improving the health of children is not a key government target -Children are not young adults: their special health needs should be acknowledged - A strategy needs to be defined for children, with responsibility allocated for integrating care within the health servcice and between sectors -It needs to be recognised that children have fundamental human rights for which protection is needed.

"Experts from more than 50 countries have combined forces to produce guidelines that will help healthcare staff in developing countries to set up systems to monitor the toll of death and disability from injuries. The manual, which is published by the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States, is designed to help planners and front line clinical staff produce systematic data on injuries, whether they are working in a computerised city hospital or a remote first aid clinic. The information that the systems generate will help target action to cut injury rates..." This is a short article introducing the recently published WHO "Injury Surveillance Guidelines" (see rec # 5377).

The paper presents a breakdown of 1984 ACC stats to show who is having acccidents and how they happen. Illustrates the magnitude of the problem.

This factsheet describes the celebration on the occasion of the formal accreditation of Woodend School as Australasia's first WHO Safe School. The Safe School concept is fostered and promoted by the WHO Safe Community Movement. www.intisafeschools.com. Includes a brief overview as to how the school meets the WHO Safe School criteria. See also rec. 8386.

A two page introductory guide to the New Zealand Fire Service and its organisational structure and objectives.

Structure of organisation; key aims; goals

This guide contributes to the first of seven key action areas in New Zealand’s Agenda for Children: Making life better for children (Agenda for Children) (see rec # 5700). To support the implementation of the Agenda for Children the Government determined that the whole child approach should be the basis for child policy and service development. This guide provides advice for policy makers, programme developers and those involved in service delivery to apply the whole child approach in their work. The advice in this guide can be used by both government and non-government agencies at all stages of developing and implementing policies and programmes affecting children and young people under the age of 18 years. The guide has three main parts. Part one outlines a practical guide to applying the whole child approach. Parts two and three provide a rationale for the approach and examples of how the whole child approach is being applied.

This resource was developed by the Safekids Campaign Nelson Coalition of organisations including: local councils, Plunket, ACC, Nelson Marlborough DHB etc. It is a bright yellow sticker which features a cartoon of two toddlers with the phrase 'Who's behind you? .. walkabout before you back out ..'. See also record 8614 for a poster of the same design and record 8613 for a postcard size pamphlet from the campaign.

This resource was developed by the Safekids Campaign Nelson Coalition of organisations including: local councils, Plunket, ACC, Nelson Marlborough DHB etc. It is postcard sized card/ pamphlet which features a cartoon of two toddlers with the phrase 'Who's behind you? .. walkabout before you back out ..' on one side and runover prevention tips under the headings: the driveway is not a playground, behind the fence is safer, always supervise, if on your own and needing to move the car ... , walk around your vehicle before getting in on the other side. It also refers to vehicle 'blind areas'. See also record 8614 for a poster of the front side of this pamphlet and record 8692 for a sticker version.

This resource is a poster mounted on card and looks like a road safety sign. It was developed by the Safekids Campaign Nelson Coalition of organisations including: local councils, Plunket, ACC, Nelson Marlborough DHB etc. It features a cartoon of two toddlers with the phrase 'Who's behind you? .. walkabout before you back out ..' It is approximately 42 cm x 42 cm. See also record 8613 for the card/ pamphlet which features the same material on one side of it and record 8692 for a sticker version.

Parents participating in the Auckland Child Pedestrian Injury Study were invited to support a series of recommendation based on the study results, by signing and returning a petition that was to be delivered to the Minister of Transport. Parents of children most at risk of injury were least likely to sign and return the petition.

This brief article outlines some of the hazards in playgrounds and advocates parents putting pressure on decision makers to have their playgrounds made safer.

Article based around the first regional Child Safety Forum. Discusses (very generally) Auckland region's injury issues. Includes comments from Ian Roberts, Reena Kokotailo, Mary Aitken, Jane Hunter, Dale Lasher & Justin Trigg.

Conclusions: children drown because: of heightened risk in the environment; acute triggers operate to enable a child to get into the water unsupervised; he cannot swim and no help is near; a march of linked events starts in the oxygen-starved tissues; rescue and resuscitation are unskilled or too late; and the period of oxygen deprivation is too long to prevent brain death. A reductio in the child-drowning rate can be achieved by the prevention of any one or more of these points.

This research assessed for age and sex differences in school-age children's reporting of injury-risk behaviors, ratings of injury-risk in various play situations, attributions for injuries (self, other, bad luck), and beliefs about their vulnerability to injury in comparison to their peers (more, less, comparable vulnerability). The authors used a structured interview and drawings that depicted children showing wary or confident facial expressions when engaged in injury-risk play activities. Results showed that children's reported risk taking could be predicted from their risk appraisals, beliefs about the likelihood of injury, and attributions of injuries to bad luck, and these factors resulted in 80% correct assignment of cases by sex in a discriminant analysis. The wary affect display resulted in higher injury-risk ratings than the confident display, with this effect being greater for girls than boys. In conclusion, cognitive-based factors differentiate boys from girls and contribute to sex differences in children's injury-risk behaviors.

This paper reports on an investigation to determine the current modal split for the school journey and to investigate what factors influence parents to take their children by car as opposed to allowing them to catch the bus, walk or cycle. A survey in the form of self-completion questionnaires, were administered through four schools in the north-western suburbs of Leeds in July 1993.

The Ministry of Transport commissioned TERNZ Transport Research to analyse a sample of road crashes to get a better understanding of why people die in crashes. The focus was not on the cause of the crash, but rather why there was an impact severe enough to result in death. The analysis looked at: the characteristics of the roadside pre-crash speeds (related to impact severity, rather than the cause of the crash) restraint or helmet use vehicle characteristics after crash medical care. The report finds wearing seatbelts and helmets, the age and weight of vehicles, and speed are among the crucial factors in whether or not someone survives a crash The findings of Why do People Die in Road Crashes have in part informed Safer Journeys, Government’s road safety strategy to 2020. [From MOT website]

Highlights Unauthorized access to firearms by children results in many injuries and fatalities in the United States each year. Research suggests that storage methods across homes are influenced by various contextual factors and lack consistency.; Thirty individuals were interviewed regarding firearm storage methods used in their homes and reasons for choosing those methods. Storage practices varied within and across households.; Qualitative results suggested that storage practices were related to child presence and age, intended use of firearms, and perception of risk associated with potential access by unsafe individuals.

This magazine article presents information and discussion under the following headings; (1) Playground accidents may not be caused by playground equipment, (2) Playground behaviour, not hazards may cause accidents, (3) Safety standards address hazards, not complete accident prevention, (4) Challenge: Rid playgrounds of hazards, keep appropriate risks, and (5) In the future: A comprehensive playground accident prevention plan?

Just a good idea isn't always enough. You also need a plan to make it happen and a way to find out if you have been successful. This article discusses the place of evaluation in programme development

A pamphlet which explains the importance of having fencing around a swimming pool or spa. It mentions the relevant legislation as well as defining what is classified as a 'pool' and special exemptions.

A pamphlet which explains the importance of having fencing around a swimming pool or spa. It mentions the relevant legislation as well as defining what is classified as a 'pool' and special exemptions.

Over the past two decades in Britain child pedestrian death rates have fallen despite large increases in traffic volume. In this paper Roberts examines the likely reasons for this decline. He argues that neither prevention programmes nor improvements in medical care are a plausible explanation and that the decline is most likely the result of a substancial reduction in children's traffic exposure.

The prone (face down) sleeping position is known to be associated with a significantly increased risk of sudden and unexpected death in infancy (sudden infant death syndrome or SIDS), however, the reasons for this are unclear. Suggested mechanisms have involved suffocation from occlusion of the external airways by soft bedding/pillows or from flattening of the nose with backward displacement of the tongue, rebreathing of carbon dioxide, blunting of arousal responses with decreased cardiac responses to auditory stimulation, diaphragmatic splinting or fatigue, lowering of vasomotor tone with tachycardia, nasopharyngeal bacterial overgrowth, overheating, alteration of sleep patterns, compromise of cerebral blood flow and upper airway obstruction from distortion of nasal cartilages. Recent studies have, however, shown a significant reduction in substance P in the inferior portion of the olivo-cerebellar complex in SIDS infants which is crucial for the integration of motor and sensory information for the control of head and neck movement. This deficit may explain why some infants are not able to move their faces away from potentially dangerous sleeping environments.

Graph: Energy stored in hot water cylinders at different storage temperatures